1、野鼠的形態和(he)習(xi)性(xing)

  野鼠的種類(lei)很多，其(qi)(qi)形(xing)態和習(xi)性差別很大，只(zhi)介紹其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)與家鼠比較接近(jin)的種類(lei)。

 (1)野鼠的(de)形態特點

  1)性別(bie)特(te)(te)征(zheng)。有(you)的(de)(de)鼠(shu)(shu)種(zhong)類成年(nian)鼠(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)性別(bie)特(te)(te)征(zheng)比(bi)較(jiao)明顯(xian)，如雌(ci)(ci)鼠(shu)(shu)可(ke)見雌(ci)(ci)性特(te)(te)征(zheng)，雄鼠(shu)(shu)可(ke)見陰囊中突出睪(gao)丸；有(you)的(de)(de)不易(yi)看到。仔細觀(guan)察，雌(ci)(ci)鼠(shu)(shu)下腹(fu)部(bu)除肛(gang)門(men)(men)外(wai)，還有(you)兩個距離較(jiao)近(jin)的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)孔，這兩個小(xiao)(xiao)孔距肛(gang)門(men)(men)較(jiao)近(jin)。雄鼠(shu)(shu)下腹(fu)部(bu)除肛(gang)門(men)(men)外(wai)，只(zhi)能見到1個小(xiao)(xiao)孔，這個孔距肛(gang)門(men)(men)較(jiao)遠。剪開腹(fu)腔，雄鼠(shu)(shu)可(ke)睪(gao)丸和雄性特(te)(te)征(zheng)，雌(ci)(ci)鼠(shu)(shu)可(ke)見陰道和呈Y狀的(de)(de)雙角(jiao)子官。

     幼鼠的性別(bie)(bie)特征，主要顯示在下腹部(bu)小孔的數量和相互距離上(shang)，對比數次即可區別(bie)(bie)。

2)幼(you)(you)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鼠(shu)(shu)特征(zheng)。同種鼠(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)幼(you)(you)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鼠(shu)(shu)特征(zheng)，除幼(you)(you)鼠(shu)(shu)體(ti)長較(jiao)短、體(ti)重較(jiao)輕(qing)外(wai)，幼(you)(you)鼠(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)頭和(he)身長相比(bi)，顯得比(bi)較(jiao)大；成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鼠(shu)(shu)相反(fan)。不過，幼(you)(you)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鼠(shu)(shu)之間有過渡階段，或稱亞成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)，它和(he)幼(you)(you)體(ti)或成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)的(de)(de)差別是(shi)漸(jian)進的(de)(de)，沒有截(jie)然的(de)(de)界限，而且每(mei)個(ge)個(ge)體(ti)差別較(jiao)大。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)區分(fen)幼(you)(you)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鼠(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)方法，一是(shi)體(ti)重或去掉內臟的(de)(de)胴體(ti)重，另一是(shi)白齒的(de)(de)磨損程度。解剖后檢查生殖器體(ti)感官的(de)(de)發育狀況(kuang)，可(ke)以準確(que)判斷是(shi)否達到性成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)。

     有(you)的(de)鼠(shu)(shu)種的(de)幼(you)、成鼠(shu)(shu)的(de)毛色有(you)差別，但這(zhe)是就群體(ti)而言，個(ge)體(ti)間差別不大。

  3)外形特征。總體看來，不(bu)同(tong)種野鼠的(de)(de)外形差別很(hen)大，從體長(chang)(chang)、身長(chang)(chang)，尾(wei)長(chang)(chang)，頭長(chang)(chang)，軀長(chang)(chang)到體重、毛色、足長(chang)(chang)、蹠長(chang)(chang)等。但是，有的(de)(de)近緣(yuan)種的(de)(de)差別很(hen)小，必(bi)須(xu)仔細觀察(cha)、測(ce)量才能區分。如(ru)果在同(tong)一地區棲(qi)息著近緣(yuan)鼠種，觀察(cha)時應倍加注意，以便準確(que)區分。 

 (2)野鼠的生(sheng)活(huo)習(xi)性

     隨著鼠種(zhong)和環境的不(bu)同，其(qi)生物習性差別也(ye)很(hen)大。

  1)生(sheng)(sheng)活史。野鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)的孕期多數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在3周(zhou)(zhou)左右，少(shao)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)4周(zhou)(zhou)，個別鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)種長達6周(zhou)(zhou)。由于生(sheng)(sheng)活條(tiao)件不及家鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)，每(mei)年(nian)妊娠胎數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和每(mei)胎產(chan)仔數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)都少(shao)于家鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)，分(fen)別是(shi)2~4胎和3~5仔。多數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)野鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)在春、秋各有一(yi)次繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖高峰，仔鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)在3一(yi)6個月內達到性(xing)成(cheng)熟(shu)，壽命一(yi)般不超過1年(nian)。冬眠鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)類(lei)繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖次數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)少(shao)，性(xing)成(cheng)熟(shu)晚，壽命較長。少(shao)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種類(lei)的野鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)（如布(bu)氏田鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)）的繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖潛力很(hen)強，生(sheng)(sheng)活條(tiao)件適宜(yi)時，數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量增加很(hen)快，甚至(zhi)成(cheng)災。

  2)棲(qi)息習性(xing)。野(ye)鼠(shu)(shu)多(duo)棲(qi)息于洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴中(zhong)。隨著環境(jing)差異，各種(zhong)鼠(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴差別較(jiao)大。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)型、洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)深(shen)、洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)數和洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)結構可(ke)以反(fan)映鼠(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動特點。南(nan)方地下水位高，土濕，冬(dong)季(ji)不太寒(han)冷(leng)，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴較(jiao)淺，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)道較(jiao)短，窩(wo)巢較(jiao)簡單，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)存糧較(jiao)少或(huo)沒有(you)。北(bei)方不同，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴稍(shao)深(shen)，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)道較(jiao)長，窩(wo)巢較(jiao)完整(zheng)如球狀(zhuang)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)有(you)存糧的(de)(de)(de)(de)倉庫，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)廁所。冬(dong)眠鼠(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴深(shen)人(ren)凍層以下，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)無(wu)存糧，冬(dong)眠時從(cong)內(nei)部堵(du)緊洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)。多(duo)數鼠(shu)(shu)種(zhong)全家合棲(qi)，幼(you)鼠(shu)(shu)成年時分(fen)居；有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雄(xiong)鼠(shu)(shu)獨(du)居，雌鼠(shu)(shu)與幼(you)鼠(shu)(shu)合居，幼(you)鼠(shu)(shu)分(fen)出后獨(du)居。棲(qi)息環境(jing)決定了棲(qi)息特點。草(cao)原(yuan)、荒漠上棲(qi)息的(de)(de)(de)(de)野(ye)鼠(shu)(shu)，除擁有(you)棲(qi)息洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)外，還有(you)避險的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨時洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼠(shu)(shu)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴只有(you)1個洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)則為多(duo)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)且洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)道相連的(de)(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)群。

   有(you)的鼠種棲息在(zai)(zai)樹洞中(zhong)，有(you)的筑巢在(zai)(zai)石縫里和石板下，有(you)的則(ze)長期活動于地下。

  3)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)。野(ye)鼠(shu)本質(zhi)上以植(zhi)物(wu)為(wei)主要食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)，但為(wei)了攝(she)取足夠的營(ying)養，有的捕(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)陸上小動物(wu)基(ji)至魚蝦(xia)。食(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)一般較大，體型較小的鼠(shu)種目食(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)為(wei)其體重的10%一20%，具體和食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)的營(ying)養價值、含(han)水(shui)量(liang)有關(guan)。生(sheng)活在草原、荒淡的野(ye)鼠(shu)不需(xu)飲水(shui)，依(yi)靠食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)中所含(han)水(shui)分(fen) 即可滿足需(xu)要。有的鼠(shu)種在洞中存糧，基(ji)至分(fen)類儲存。

  4)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)。野鼠(shu)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)頻繁(fan)，活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)范圍半徑長(chang)達數(shu)百米，甚至更遠。多數(shu)在(zai)夜間活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)，傍晚和(he)黎(li)明前各有活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)高峰；少數(shu)鼠(shu)種在(zai)白天活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)，上(shang)午(wu)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)頻繁(fan)；也有的鼠(shu)種日夜均可活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)。，

     野(ye)鼠活動常(chang)有(you)比較固定的路線，有(you)的形(xing)成明顯鼠道，交織在洞(dong)口(kou)和(he)食(shi)源之(zhi)間。

     多數(shu)野鼠在(zai)地面(mian)上活(huo)動(dong)，少數(shu)經常在(zai)地下洞道(dao)覓食，另有幾種(zhong)在(zai)樹上活(huo)動(dong)，甚至(zhi)在(zai)樹枝間滑(hua)翔(xiang)。南方少數(shu)鼠種(zhong)善游泳，北(bei)方沙漠地區少數(shu)鼠種(zhong)善跳躍。

     有的鼠種隨食物遷(qian)居，秋季從農田(tian)遷(qian)入村(cun)莊(zhuang)，春季遷(qian)回田(tian)野。少數鼠種數量增多時，定向遷(qian)移至(zhi)遠處。

  5)其他(ta)。野鼠的(de)(de)感覺敏銳，有的(de)(de)鼠種(zhong)視力(li)甚佳(jia)，可看(kan)到遠處移動的(de)(de)物體；有的(de)(de)聽力(li)靈(ling)敏，可對周圍輕微(wei)的(de)(de)聲音立即(ji)做出反應(ying)；有的(de)(de)嗅覺很(hen)好(hao)，可準確找到埋(mai)在地(di)下10cm的(de)(de)種(zhong)子；多數味覺發(fa)達(da)，可嘗(chang)出食(shi)物中少(shao)量雜質。但總的(de)(de)說來，狡猾程度(du)遜于家鼠。

如有發現(xian)鼠(shu)類蹤跡應盡早(zao)聯系專業防制四害(hai)公司進行觀察(cha)檢測采取防治措施，減少因鼠(shu)類泛濫帶來(lai)的損害(hai)。